How does insulin regulate FoxO1?

Insulin also inactivates FoxO1, which positively regulates PGC1α expression at the transcriptional level by binding to three insulin response elements (IREs) in its promoter (Daitoku et al., 2003).

What is de novo gluconeogenesis?

Gluconeogenesis is defined as the de novo synthesis of glucose from nonhexose precursors. Gluconeogenesis does not include the conversion of fructose or galactose into glucose in the liver or the generation of glucose from glycogen via glycogenolysis.

What is the function of FoxO?

FoxOs induce cell cycle arrest, repair damaged DNA, or initiate apoptosis by modulating genes that control these processes. In particular, FoxO proteins are critical regulators of oxidative stress by modulating the expression of several anti-oxidant enzyme genes.

How is FoxO1 regulated?

FoxO1 is a conserved transcription factor involved in energy metabolism. It is tightly regulated by modifications on its mRNA and protein and responds to environmental nutrient signals. FoxO1 controls the transcription of downstream genes mediating metabolic regulation.

What does the DAF 16 gene do?

DAF-16 is the sole ortholog of the FOXO family of transcription factors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It is responsible for activating genes involved in longevity, lipogenesis, heat shock survival and oxidative stress responses.

How does insulin affect gene expression?

For a subset of genes, insulin exerts a negative effect on transcription; for others, the effect is positive. Insulin controls gene transcription by modifying the binding of transcription factors on insulin-response elements or by regulating their transcriptional activities.

What does de novo means?

from the new
From Latin, meaning “from the new.” When a court hears a case de novo, it is deciding the issues without reference to any legal conclusion or assumption made by the previous court to hear the case. Trial de novo occurs when a court decides all issues in a case, as if the case was being heard for the first time.

Is Glycogenesis same as gluconeogenesis?

Glycolysis is the pathway by which glucose degrades into lactate (LAC), gluconeogenesis is the pathway by which glucose is generated from pyruvate and/or LAC, and glycogenesis is the pathway by which glycogen is synthesised from glucose (Nordlie et al, 1999).

What is FOXO1 gene?

FOXO1 (Forkhead Box O1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with FOXO1 include Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 and Glioma. Among its related pathways are Adipogenesis and AGE/RAGE pathway. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include DNA-binding transcription factor activity and chromatin binding.

What type of transcription factor is FOXO1?

FOXO1 belongs to the forkhead family of transcription factors that are characterized by a distinct fork head domain. The specific function of this gene has not yet been determined; however, it may play a role in myogenic growth and differentiation. FOXO1 is essential for the maintenance of human ESC pluripotency.

What protein does DAF-16 code for?

FOXO
Daf-16

How does FOXO play a role in glucose homeostasis?

Glucose homeostasis is achieved by adjusting endogenous glucose production as well as glucose uptake by peripheral tissues in response to insulin. In the fasted state, the liver is primarily responsible for maintaining glucose levels, with FoxO1 playing a key role in promoting the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes.

How does FOXO play a role in cell proliferation?

The ability of FoxO1 to regulate cell proliferation and mediate the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis, energy metabolism and oxidative stress allows it to play a critical role in metabolism.

How does FOXO1 play a role in muscle differentiation?

Almost immediately following serum withdrawal, a process that stimulates differentiation of muscle, FoxO1 translocates to the nucleus and binds to DNA, in a phosphorylation-independent manner. In addition, overexpression of a dominant-negative FoxO1 lacking the transactivation domain blocks myotube formation.

Where is FOXO1 located in the cytoplasm?

In proliferating myoblasts, FoxO1 is localized to the cytoplasm, where it remains inactive. This is presumed to be through a non-Akt-dependent phosphorylation-mediated nuclear exclusion event.