What are the four complications of CLL?

Infection. CLL patients may be more susceptible to infections due to either the CLL itself and/or its treatment.

  • Low Blood Cell Counts.
  • Richter Transformation.
  • Autoimmune Cytopenias.
  • Tumor Flare Reactions.
  • Tumor Lysis Syndrome.
  • Second Cancers.

    • Are there blasts in CLL?

    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a cancer that starts in blood stem cells. Stem cells are basic cells that develop into different types of cells that have different jobs. As the stem cells of the blood develop, they become blast cells (blasts), which are immature blood cells.

    What is transformed CLL?

    Richter’s transformation, or Richter’s syndrome, is an uncommon clinicopathological condition observed in about 5% to 10% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). “Richter’s transformation” refers to the development of aggressive lymphoma during the course of CLL.

    What happens when CLL transforms?

    Most commonly, CLL transforms into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which is a more aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Rarely, CLL can also transform into Hodgkin lymphoma or another type of aggressive lymphoma.

    How does CLL turn into AML?

    Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is another rare complication in patients who have been treated for CLL. Drugs such as chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide can damage the DNA of blood-forming cells. These damaged cells may go on to become cancer, leading to AML, which is very aggressive and often hard to treat.

    What is blast crisis in CLL?

    Listen to pronunciation. (blast KRY-sis) A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which tiredness, fever, and an enlarged spleen occur during the blastic phase, when more than 30% of the cells in the blood or bone marrow are blast cells (immature blood cells).

    What causes smudge cells in CLL?

    Smudge cells. A variety of diseases and other factors such as infectious mononucleosis, T-cell leukemias and other small-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, or even old blood and improper handling can produce smudge cells on a complete blood cell count (CBC) smear.

    What are the values of CD23 and CD21?

    CLL and CLL/PL cases had similar values of CD23 and CD21 molecules, but analysis at a single level showed that prolymphocytes in typical CLL and CLL/PL expressed significantly higher CD23 (p=0.001, p=0.006) and CD21 (p=0.001, p=0.001) than small lymphocytes.

    How to diagnose chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL )?

    To diagnose chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), there needs to be ≥5000 monoclonal (genetically identical) B-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood for the duration of at least three months.

    What kind of antigens are found in CLL cells?

    There is expression of the normal antigens that we could expect with a B-lymphocyte including CD19, CD20, and CD23. CD52 is another marker found on CLL cells that is also found on both normal B and T cells. Expression of CD20 is usually but not always weak or dim. Several therapies depend on antibodies attacking CD20.

    What does flow cytometer do to diagnose CLL?

    Flow cytometers can analyze 1000s of cells per second and gives the doctor what is called an immunophenotype, a fingerprint of what proteins are on the cell surface. The immunophenotype for CLL is listed below. Don’t worry about memorizing this. Even many of the hematologists need to look them up.