What is xanthine oxidase deficiency?

Xanthine oxidase (xanthine dehydrogenase) deficiency, type I, is an uncommon autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the excretion of urinary xanthine and hypoxanthine as the chief end products of purine metabolism, and by low serum and urinary uric acid levels.

What drug is metabolized by xanthine oxidase?

Because xanthine oxidase is a metabolic pathway for uric acid formation, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol is used in the treatment of gout.

How does allopurinol inhibit xanthine oxidase?

Allopurinol. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, acts as a neuroprotectant by preventing formation of free radicals that trigger programmed cell death. Free radical production occurs after reperfusion and reoxygenation after an hypoxic-ischemic insult.

What does xanthine dehydrogenase do?

The XDH gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called xanthine dehydrogenase. This enzyme is involved in the normal breakdown of purines, which are building blocks of DNA and its chemical cousin, RNA.

What causes xanthine oxidase deficiency?

Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase. It was first formally characterized in 1954….

What is xanthine Lithiasis?

Xanthine urolithiasis is an infrequent type of renal stone formation caused by xanthinuria, a rare hereditary disorder. An affected patient has a deficiency of xanthine oxidase, resulting in hypouricemia and hypouricosuria [1, 2]. Symptom onset can occur at any age.

Is colchicine a xanthine oxidase inhibitor?

Acute treatment with medications such as colchicine, an inhibitor of anti-inflammatory mediators, may exacerbate symptoms. For patients with chronic gout, allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is the drug of choice. Colchicine is also used for chronic gout.

What are examples of xanthine oxidase inhibitors?

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

• allopurinol.
• Aloprim.
• febuxostat.
• Uloric.
• Zyloprim.

Is allopurinol a xanthine oxidase inhibitor?

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are primarily used in the clinical prevention and treatment of gout associated with hyperuricemia. The archetypal xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Allopurinol has been shown to have other beneficial effects such as a reduction in vascular reactive oxygen species and mechano-energetic uncoupling.

What type of inhibition is allopurinol?

Allopurinol is competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine into xanthine and xanthine into urate.

Is xanthine oxidase the same as xanthine dehydrogenase?

Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) are single-gene products that exist in separate but interconvertible forms. XDH acts on these same substrates but utilizes NAD as a cofactor to produce NADH instead of ·O2 (-) and uric acid.

Which of the antineoplastic agent is metabolised by xanthine oxidase?

6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is an anticancer agent that must be metabolized into active compounds.

Why is xanthine oxidase important in ischemia?

Xanthine Oxidase. Xanthine oxidase normally produces ROS during oxidative conversion of xantina to uric acid. The importance of this enzyme as ROS producer in biological systems has been initially proposed in ischemia re-oxygenation situations [1].

What are the enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of xanthine?

Xanthine oxidase. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. These enzymes play an important role in the catabolism of purines in some species, including humans.

How big is xanthine oxidoreductase in molecular weight?

It is suggested that xanthine oxidoreductase, along with other enzymes, participates in the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in mammalian tissues. The protein is large, having a molecular weight of 270 kDa, and has 2 flavin molecules (bound as FAD), 2 molybdenum atoms, and 8 iron atoms bound per enzymatic unit.

Which is XDH gene mediates xanthine oxidase activity?

Type I xanthinuria has been traced directly to mutations of the XDH gene which mediates xanthine oxidase activity.